| The Global positioning System (GPS) is often used by | | | | damage. Typically the GPS antenna is fairly small in |
| computer equipment, such as NTP Server systems, | | | | size, measuring less than 90cm in diameter. Low-cost |
| to provide an accurate timing reference for time | | | | patch type antennas are also available, but these are |
| critical applications. This article provides an overview | | | | generally better suited to vehicle applications. |
| of GPS for timing applications and describes the | | | | GPS Antenna Cable Types and Cabling Distances |
| equipment used to install a GPS antenna in a static | | | | The cable distance that can be utilised by a GPS |
| location. | | | | antenna depends mainly on the amplification of the |
| Overview - Using GPS for Accurate Time | | | | GPS antenna and the quality of coax used in the |
| The Global Positioning System is a US military system | | | | installation. A typical GPS timing antenna may have a |
| for worldwide navigation. The system consists of 24 | | | | gain of 35 db. Relatively low-quality coax such as |
| orbiting satellites, each satellite has a highly accurate | | | | RG58 has an attenuation of 0.64 db/m at 1575 MHz. |
| atomic clock on-board synchronised to UTC time. The | | | | Therefore, a cable run of 55m can be obtained using |
| satellites continuously broadcast time and position | | | | RG58 cable. With very high quality coax cable, such |
| information. The time and position information can be | | | | as LMR400, an unaided cable run of 200m can be |
| obtained worldwide with a GPS receiver and antenna. | | | | achieved. However, very high quality coax can be |
| GPS works continuously in any whether conditions, | | | | expensive. A good price-performance compromise is |
| anywhere in the world. Additionally, there is no set up | | | | LMR200 cable, which can be run unaided to 80m. |
| fee or subscription charges to utilise the GPS | | | | Extending Cabling Distance with In-Line GPS Amplifiers |
| systems. Many computer timing systems and NTP | | | | In-line GPS amplifiers provide further amplification of |
| Server systems utilise GPS as an accurate external | | | | the GPS signal to increase the cable distance |
| timing reference. | | | | between the GPS antenna and receiver. GPS |
| The Accuracy of GPS Timing Systems | | | | amplifiers are fitted in-line with the antenna cable and |
| GPS receivers provide highly accurate position and | | | | obtain power from the receiver via the coax cable. |
| timing information. Typically, a GPS receiver can | | | | No external power-supplies are required. Typically, a |
| provide positioning information to an accuracy of 15m. | | | | GPS amplifier may add a further 20 dB of gain, adding |
| NTP Server systems can obtain timing information | | | | 30m of low-quality RG58 coax, 40m of LMR200 coax |
| from GPS to a resolution of a few nanoseconds. | | | | or 100m of high quality LMR400 coax. Additionally, |
| The GPS Signal | | | | multiple in-line amplifiers may be utilised to further |
| The transmitted GPS signal is very weak low-power | | | | increase cable distance. |
| radio signal, designated L1 and L2. L1 is the civilian | | | | Sharing a Single Antenna Between Multiple Receivers |
| GPS frequency transmitted at 1575.42 MHz. The | | | | - GPS Splitters |
| signals travel by line of sight and can pass through | | | | GPS splitters allow a single GPS antenna to be utilised |
| clouds, glass and plastics but are blocked by objects | | | | by two or more NTP server systems. The GPS |
| such as metal and brickwork. Therefore, the ideal | | | | splitter splits the signal received from the GPS |
| location for a GPS antenna is on rooftop with a full | | | | antenna into multiple outputs for synchronizing |
| 360-degree view of the sky. However, often | | | | multiple NTP servers. GPS splitters are generally |
| installation on the side of a building or in a window | | | | available with 2, 4 or 8 outputs. |
| can provide adequate results. As a rule of thumb, the | | | | Protecting GPS Systems - GPS Surge Suppressors |
| better the view of the sky, the greater the likelihood | | | | Surge suppressors protect expensive NTP server |
| of a good consistent signal lock. | | | | equipment from electro-static discharges, such as |
| GPS Timing Antenna Types | | | | lightning, that may be picked up by an externally |
| The GPS antenna acts as an amplifier to boost the | | | | mounted GPS antenna. Surge suppressors are |
| GPS signal for transmission along a cable, usually | | | | installed in-line on the coax cable between the |
| coax, to the GPS receiver. GPS Timing antenna’s | | | | antenna and receiver, ideally where the cable enters |
| provided with NTP server systems utilise a | | | | the building. Surge suppressors require a |
| pole-mounting system. The antenna screws to a | | | | low-impedance ground, to discharge any received |
| threaded pole for installation on rooftops. This | | | | surge. The surge suppressor requires no |
| arrangement provides the GPS antenna with a rigid | | | | power-supply or additional cabling. |
| mount easily able to withstand high winds without | | | | |